AMERICA’S unemployment statistics attract close attention, even from presidents. Early on June 1st President Donald Trump tweeted that he was looking forward to the latest figure (3.8%), released that morning. China’s unemployment numbers, by contrast, attract mostly ridicule. They have barely budged since 2011 despite the upheavals of the period.
Many China-watchers therefore hoped that a new measure of unemployment, dating from 2016 but published monthly since April, would be more revealing. Unlike the older statistic, which counts only those registered as jobless at local labour offices, the new measure draws on a survey of the labour force, collected by trained enumerators and beamed directly to Beijing beyond the grasp of local officials. It now covers 120,000 households across urban China (on top of a longer-running survey of 31 cities), providing, in theory, a representative snapshot of the biggest unemployed population in the world.
To no one’s surprise, the new number is well below the government’s target of 5.5%. And unlike America’s figure, it also seems boringly stable (see chart). That has led many to dismiss it as propaganda. But such a judgment may be too hasty. If China’s unemployment figures do not behave like America’s, that may be because Asian unemployment bears little resemblance to its Western counterpart.
In many developing countries, unemployment is low simply because few people can afford it. Jobless benefits are patchy. In their absence, most people have to eke out a living to survive. Unemployment is, in effect, a “luxury good”, notes Ajit Ghose of India’s Institute for Human Development, a research organisation.
Even when they are available, benefits may not be worth the bother. In Thailand, for example, payments last six months and range from 1,650 baht per month ($52) to 15,000. To be eligible, a Thai worker must register with the social-security office. But only one in three does so, according to Warn Lekfuangfu, an economist at Chulalongkorn University. Many remain outside the formal economy, where they are denied benefits but also spared taxes.
What do they do instead? A laid-off factory worker might lend a hand on the family farm, become a casual day labourer, or sell trinkets on the street. “There’s a plethora of low-wage jobs” in the region, points out Sara Elder of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) in Bangkok. At her husband’s gym, ten people wait to help him with the climbing wall. In France, he would have to get by with only one.
When Annan Chanthan left his job as a graphic designer in Bangkok five years ago, he thought about collecting unemployment benefits, but never bothered. He now earns more money selling lottery tickets next to Hua Lamphong railway station than he did in his former profession.
In poor countries, unemployment is paradoxically concentrated among the better off and better educated. They can afford to wait a bit for a job that matches their aspirations and qualifications. Their behaviour may also explain unemployment’s curious stability. “Even relatively well-off people cannot wait indefinitely,” Mr Ghose points out. Thus when times are bad, they may settle for a worse job or stop looking, rather than wait longer, which would add to the rate of unemployment.
Vocabulary highlight:
1. upheaval: (n) – /ʌpˈhiː.vəl/ – a great change, especially causing or involving much difficulty,activity, or trouble (một thay đổi lớn, đặc biệt là gây ra hoặc liên quan đến nhiều khó khăn, hoạt động hoặc vấn đề)
Ví dụ:
2. date from sth: (phr) – to have existed since a particular time (tồn tại từ một thời điểm cụ thể)
Ví dụ:
3. be beyond someone’s grasp: (phr) – be impossible for someone to understand, get, achieve, or keep something (là không thể để ai đó có thể hiểu được, có được, đạt được, hoặc giữ được một cái gì đó)
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4. bear a resemblance to: (phr) – be similar to (tương tự như ai hoặc cái gì đó)
Ví dụ:
5. eke something ↔ out: (phr.v) – to use something slowly or carefully because you only have a small amount of it (sử dụng một cái gì đó từ từ hoặc cẩn thận bởi vì bạn chỉ có một số lượng nhỏ của nó)
Ví dụ:
6. lend (someone) a hand: (phr) – to give someone help (giúp đỡ ai đó)
Ví dụ:
7. the better off: (n) – people who have more money than most others (những người có nhiều tiền hơn hầu hết những người khác)
Ví dụ:
8. settle for: (phr.v) – to accept something even though it is not the best, or not what you really want (chấp nhận một cái gì đó mặc dù nó không phải là tốt nhất, hoặc không phải những gì bạn thực sự muốn)
Ví dụ:
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(Còn nữa)
Người dịch: Hải Nam
Nguồn: The Economist
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